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Macro Economic Costs Limits (Law, Standards)Д¬ost for Invest and Maintenance Cost for Interrupts (Less Sold, Penalties) The transmission and the sub-transmission system have already high reliability Therefore: В„ Distribution Automation has the best ratio Improvement to Invest Strategies to optimize the distribution system В„ n-1 strategies are very expensive В„ structure of the system can not be changed easily But even with rather cheap measures one can reduce the outage times dramaticallyД«reakdown of Capital Expenditure Reliability vs Investment CostДiminishing Returns в€†C1 = в€†C2 в€†Rel1 > в€†Rel2 Power Transmission and Distribution В©Дistribution 1-22 kV Transmission 33 - 420 kV Swedish nationwide survey for unexpected outages, 1993

Social Cost for Unplanned Outage CustomerвЂ™s Cost for an Unexpected Outage

Source: Council of European Energy Regulators CEER 2001 В© Power Interrupt Statistic in Europe Length of power interrupts in minutes per year (1999) in some countries 400 364 UCPTE.) the frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) is generally very stable and secondly source of problems. Furthermore, in interconnected networks (e.g. Frequency В„ The vast majority of equipment appliances are not much sensitive to variation of frequency. Power Quality Standards Voltage in Europe вЃЉccording IEC 61000 Voltage in the USA : the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) defines 'Voltage Range ' as: В„ 120/240V В±5% at the user's service entrance, and В„ 120/240V в,33% at the point of utilisation. continuity of supply Power Quality В„ Voltage В„ Frequency В„ Harmonics В„ Transients Definitions of supply reliability are quite different В„ therefore statistic values can not be compared exactly В„ most countries count outages longer than 3 minutes, some define a 1 minute limit (Great Britain, Portugal) В„ Continuity indicators are calculated in a different way В„ Weighted by the number of customer В„ Weighted by the power affected (Spain, Portugal) В„ Some consider Acts of God, some donвЂ™t В© Similarity to other goods consumption processes, the Electricity Business comprises 4 basics components В„Д®fficiency with low losses В„ few assets В„ easy service В„ less maintenance В„ fast fault detectionДЄvailability В„ no faults В„ high power quality В„ low price В„ quick recoveryД¬ustomer Requirements and Supply Standards Availability В„ no interrupts i.e. The primary aim of an electricity supply system is to meet the customerвЂ™s demands for energy (in sufficient quantity and quality, at the required time and at an acceptable price) Wednesday, Section 7: SCADA functionalities Section 8: DMS functionalities Section 9: Case study presentation Section 10: Distribution system automation personnel skills Section 11: Maintenance and support procedures

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Tuesday, Section 1: Goal, task and aspects of distribution automation Section 2: Impacts on planning of distribution automation Section 3: Selection of substations to work under automation вЂ“ automation layout Section 4: Which parameters should be measured or controlled ? Section 5: Selection criteria for hardware, software and communications Section 6: Distribution automation standards Siemens AG 2008 Power Transmission and Distribution Вѓ Strategies for distribution automation Вѓ Control in substations and outstations Вѓ Communication Вѓ Process optimization in the Control Center and customer related activities Control Center Distribution Network Automation & Control